Prison Gang Integration And Inmate Violence - 1400 Words

Introduction The reality of prison gangs cannot be over look. Many inmates join gangs for safety and protection during their incarceration. â€Å"Prison gangs is an organization which operates within prison systems as a self-perpetuating entity, consisting a group of inmates who establishes and organize chain of commands† (Pyrooz Mitchell). They also are governed by an established prison code. Research has shown that prison gangs have effects on non-gang members and the prison system. I will examine ten articles that explore the effects of prison gangs. Literature Review â€Å"Prison gang integration and inmate violence† The first article I reviewed by John L Worrall and Robert G Morris discusses how gang membership is linked with inmate misconduct (Worrall Morris. 2012). John Worrall states that know â€Å"gang members are more prone than non-gang members to act violent during the time of their incarceration† (Worrall Morris. 2012). Worrall and his team collected data on inmates from large southern states and examine the inmate on inmate violence. The data included the inmates personal information (address, birthplace, nicknames, ect,), and criminal records. The data was also limited to inmates who were incarcerated in May 2004 and May 2006, serving three conservative years in a traditional facility, and who were not sentenced to life without the possibility of parole or sentenced to death (Worrall Morris. 2012). There results shown that gang membership is an importantShow MoreRelatedGang s And Management Challenges Facing Corrections Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesGang s in the Correctional Setting There are many supervisory and management challenges facing corrections, due to the proliferation of the gang problem, presently within our prisons today. 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Ethical conflicts presented where correction officers purposely, exploiting racial tension by arranging physically assaultive behavior, of rival gang members which was used for sport, entertainment and shooting practice for the correction officers (Dryburg, 2009). Course of Action The two officers (Riggs and Caruso), choose to be whistle blowers and were of a deontological ethical nature becauseRead MoreChicago Gangs and History Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesChicago Gangs, Then and Now with Solutions Nick Crot Marist High School Abstract This paper deals with gang violence in the city of Chicago since the beginning of time. It takes a deep look into the history of Chicago gangs and how they interact today. Also the past problems the City of Chicago made when dealing with gangs and the problems that gangs today have and how Chicago has the worst gang problem in the country. Also how gangs have turned themselves into big, and lucrative enterprisesRead MoreIs There A Criminal?1236 Words   |  5 Pageswe judge them denying them jobs and the rights of every other American once they have serve their time. About 600,000 individuals are released from prison each year to return to their communities. This is about 1600 people a day.() These inmates are released into society with little resources and with prison term becoming longer and longer, many inmates go in one decade and are released in another. Life changes so quickly for us on the outside sometimes it is hard for us to even catch up. Picture beingRead MoreThe Failure Of The Modern Prison : Understanding The Politicization Of A Total Institution Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages The Failure of the Modern Prison: Understanding the Politicization of a Total Institution Juan Valdes UTPB Dr. Joanna Hadjicostandi Sociology 1301 Fall Semester Are prisons effective total institutions or do they more commonly fail in their goal of resocialization? In considering the effectiveness of prisons as total institutions, it is critical to examine the degree to which they successfully rehabilitate those who spend time within their walls. While prisons most certainly protect citizens

Perfection Is Not Immutable What Is Perfection

If someone is to ask a class in the 90’s, the question â€Å"what is perfection?†, the answers are very much bound to be different from each individual in the class. If you then ask a class now in this century â€Å"what is perfection?† again the answers will be different from those in the 90’s and unique and distinct from the other individuals in that class. Perfection does not necessarily include immutability. The notion of perfection is ever-changing and so this makes it almost impossible to have the perfect being be immutable. To be the perfect being, one must know what perfection is. Perfection is not immutable, the definition of perfection is constantly changing, and so the definition of God’s perfection must also being constantly changing in order to stay in terms with what perfection is believed to be. What perfection is, is constantly different for each individual, and for God to be perfect as our superior, God must be perfect in all ways w e believe are perfect. If this becomes false, how is God really perfect (Quinn Taliaferro, 1999)? Although the arguments on why it would make sense for God to be immutable may be convincing it is important then to see if these arguments can be contradictory, which I believe they can. The argument regarding God’s absolute perfection is claiming that God cannot change because God is already perfect, if God is perfect then there is no need for change (Quinn Taliaferro, 1999). Although, whens looking at this argument one can question,Show MoreRelatedDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 Pagesworld existence. Descartes argument for the existence of God relies on two key assertions: 1. His understanding of God as an infinite, independent being. 2. His claim that existence is a perfection. 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These ideas may reside entirely within our thoughtsRead MoreThe Influence of Platos Theories on Chrisianity1169 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussed in Phaedo, Plato asserts that the Theory of Forms is an answer to the questions about the universe. British philosopher Gilbert Ryle offers this definition: â€Å"A general idea or concept, according to this new doctrine (Theory of Forms), is immutable, timeless, one over many, intellectually apprehensible and capable of precise definition at the end of a piece of ratiocination because it is an independently existing real thing or entity.† The world is made of infallible truths, otherwise knownRead MoreDescartes: Meditation Iii Summary Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesJuliana Tabor Professor Webb Introduction to Philosophy 4/1/13 Descartes: Meditations 3 In Descartes’s Meditations III, the Meditator describes his idea of God as a substance that is infinite, eternal, immutable, independent, supremely intelligent, supremely powerful, and which created both myself and everything else.(70) Thus, due to his opinion in regards to the idea of God, the Meditator views God containing a far more objective reality than a formal one. Due to the idea that of GodRead MoreEssay about Response to an Athiest1362 Words   |  6 PagesResponse to an atheist 1. McCloskey refers to the arguments as â€Å"proofs† and often implies that they can’t definitively establish the case for God, so therefore they should be abandoned. What would you say about this in light of my comments on the approaches to the arguments in the PointeCast presentation (Lesson 18)? 2. On the Cosmological Argument: McCloskey claims that the â€Å"mere existence of the world constitutes no reason for believing inRead MoreWhat Is Wrong With Descartes Causal Proof Of God1252 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Wrong with Descartes’ Causal Proof of God ReneÃŒ  Descartes was born on 31 March 1596 in La Haye, France; a city which was later renamed as â€Å"Descartes† in his honor. his early life was not well documented until 1960, but it is known that he was familiar with mathematics and philosophy (Hatfield). Sometimes described as â€Å"The Father of Modern Philosophy†, not only considered a great philosopher, but also a great mathematician, contributed greatly for both areas – Cartesian geometry, for instanceRead MoreThe Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1509 Words   |  7 Pagesof ontology that posits the existence of God as necessity by virtue of its definition. In other words, for the mind to conceive of an infinite, perfect God, ultimately implies that there must indeed be a perfect God that embodies existence, for perfection cannot merely exist as a mental phenomenon. God is, according to Anselm, self-evident in the mind. Criticisms to this argument can be found in Anselm’s contempora ry, Gaunilo, who argues that such an argument can be used to - put one way - defineRead More Third Meditation:The Existence of God Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Third Meditation, entitled â€Å"Of God: That He Exists†, Rene Descartes presents an argument for the existence of God. Meditation III talks about what is real and how to justify it. Descartes acknowledges of being doubtful of bodily things but is absolutely assured that he exists and he clearly and distinctly perceives this fact. As he confirms: I am a thinking (conscious) thing, that is, a being who doubts, affirms, denies, knows a few objects, and is ignorant of many, - [who loves, hates],Read More How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised4647 Words   |  19 PagesHow Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised [All page references and quotations from the Meditations are taken from the 1995 Everyman edition] In the Meditations, Descartes embarks upon what Bernard Williams has called the project of Pure Enquiry to discover certain, indubitable foundations for knowledge. By subjecting everything to doubt Descartes hoped to discover whatever was immune to it. In order to best understand how and why DescartesRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Religion : Thomas Aquinas And Fredrich Nietzsche1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthis; However, philosophers have developed theories and guidelines to help people to realize what is most suitable, important, and critical in their spiritual lives. However, the Philosophy of Religion caters to everyone, not just believers. Today we will look at Thomas Aquinas and Fredrich Nietzsche and their takes on religion. To fully understand their viewpoints its important to first understand what the philosophy of religion entails. The philosophy of religion is the philosophical study of

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Essay Example For Students

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Essay Obviously, it is a very natural thing for men and women to be attracted to each other in sexual ways. Men, more than women, have been historically known to be far more aggressive in their advances toward women sexually and it varies from each woman as to how these aggressive advances make them feel. Advances such as whistling, bottom pinching and glaring are the types of things some men do to women in an attempt to show they are sexually attracted to them. These types of advances can be attempted just about anywhere; the beach, the mall, in night clubs, walking down the street, or even in their place of employment. Where should the line be drawn as to where these advancements are appropriate and what can a woman do to protect herself from feeling uncomfortable while trying to make a living? Women experiencing this type of treatment is a real problem in the workplace today and has been for many years. Sometimes, they even face a choice between their jobs and their own safety. There has been a great deal of debate on sexual harassment in the last few years. What exactly constitutes sexual harassment? There are many arguments of this nature. Many people think sexual harassment is something other than what it really is. Many people agree on the pro quo form of sexual harassment (sexual advances, requesting sexual favors, etc.. ). However, the hostile working environment harassment is still under great debate. This type of harassment is done when the workplace is full of discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult. It can make people feel very uncomfortable and is often less easy to recognize. This is where the law gets tricky. If the victim does not perceive the environment to be hostile, then it is not a violation of the law. One must look at the whole picture. This leads to many questions however. Is it okay to tell off-color jokes? What is unwelcome? When is conduct based on sex? Are employees allowed to flirt on the job? What happens when someone gets offended? Who decides what is appropriate? Should employees be required to tolerate some behavior but not another? Today, courts will more likely find an illegal hostile environment present when the workplace includes sexual propositions, pornography, extremely vulgar language, sexual touching, degrading comments, or embarrassing questions or jokes. There are many examples of court cases which back this up. (1) In Hall v. Gus Construction Co. , a construction company had hired three woman to work at road construction sites. Male co-workers continually subjected these women to verbal sexual abuse. One woman even developed a skin reaction to the sun which the men immediately labeled Herpes. The women often found obscenities written in the dust on their co-worker. Male co-workers continuously asked the women for sexual favors. IN addition to the verbal abuse, the women were constantly subjected to offensive and unwelcome physical contact. On one occasion, the men help up one of the female employees so that the driver of a truck could touch her. The men subjected all three women to other types of abuse including mooning them, showing them pornographic pictures, and urinating in their water bottles and automobile gas tanks. The companys supervisor was well aware of all of these activities. The court found this conduct violated Title Vii because it was unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature, even though it did not contain explicit sexual overtones. (Roberts, Mann) (2) In Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc. , a shipyard company employed a female welder who was continually subjected to nude and partially nude pictures posted by her male co-workers. The men also referred to the victim as baby, sugar, momma, and dear. In addition, the men wrote obscene graffiti directed at the victim all over the plant. The victim complained about this atmosphere of harassment on a number of occasions, but the companys supervisory personnel provided little or no assistance. The court found this conduct violated Title VII because the plaintiff belonged to a protected category, was subject to unwelcome sexual harassment, the harassment was based on sex, it affected a term or condition of her employment, and the employer knew or should have known about the harassment and failed to take remedial action. (Roberts, Mann) (3) In .

Customer Spending Behaviour

Question: Discuss about the Customer Spending Behaviour. Answer: Introduction: Engel, Kollat and Blackwell have developed EKB model in the year of 1968. EKB is a comprehensive model that focuses on the evaluation of decision-making and purchasing behaviour of the customers (Tidwell 2015). The model has highlighted five distinctive parts including decision process, information processing, external influences, decision process variables and input regarding the decision-making process of the consumers. Now, input regarding customer spending pattern focuses on the impact of different stimuli like advertisement, store display, peer group influence etc. Now, Penang has extreme competition in the cafe industry. Therefore, it is expected that cafe organizations will have to utilize stimulis for influencing buying behaviour of the potential customer. Thus, the theory helped cafes to identify prime stimuli that can influence people more on the cafe services. On the other hand, due to the presence of many elements cafes will have to focus on developing complex strategies that can create difficulties on fulfilling the desired objectives. Therefore, it can be said that according to this particular theory, the external influences and information processing influence the customer spending behaviour. For example, if a customer wants to purchase a television, at first, the customer will collect the information regarding the quality, longevity, prices and the look of the television and analyze that information, which is known as information processing and after that the customer will ask friends and other people about the product (OBrien 2015). Then if the customer gets the positive feedback from both aspects, then only the customer will be agreed to spend for the product. Advantage of using this model is that the theory helps to understand the impact of external influences and information on the buying decision of the customers (Wu and Zheng 2016). However, the major disadvantage of this model is that the model does not consider customers personal choice while describing consumer spending behaviour. Howard Sheth buying model: Howard and Sheth have developed the model in the year of 1969 for analyzing the customer spending behaviour in an appropriate manner. Howard Seth buying model has been developed on the assumption that consumers behave rationally at the time of purchasing any products. The model has highlighted four variables including input variables, hypothetical construct, output variables, and external variables that can have major impact on the spending pattern of the potential customers (Xinhui and Han 2016). Now, input variables like physical, visual and verbal characteristics often influence people to become biased towards a particular coffee shop. On the other hand, hypothetical construct and external variable also can create impact on spending pattern of the potential customers. The model has provided understanding regarding the rational behaviour pattern of the customers, which is likely to create positive impact on the customer-spending pattern (Makkonen, Olkkonen and Halinen 2012). Conver sely, the model has not provided any idea regarding irrational behavioural pattern of the customers. The advantage of this particular model is that the model helps to analyze the buying or spending behaviour of the customers, when they do not have complete information. At the same time, this model also helps to understand three different types of consumer behaviour limited problem solving behaviour, extensive problem solving behaviour and routinized response behaviour (Prasad and Jha 2014). However, there are some disadvantages of this model like, the absence of clear difference between the exogenous variables and the other variables. Moreover, the model is very tough to understand (Reddy 2015). Theory of reasoned action: Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen have developed the theory of reasoned action in the year of 1975 to analyze the behavioural pattern of the customers in an appropriate way. The theory has highlighted the fact that positive attitudes towards a particular product often induce customers to develop positive belief towards the product (Mishra, Akman and Mishra 2014). As per the theory, effective brand development can actually help cafe shops to enhance the faith and belief level of the customers, which will eventually influence them more in the cafe services. Thus, the theory has highlighted in-depth understanding regarding the relationship between attitudes and beliefs that can induce people to spend more on the luxurious cafe services frequently. However, it has not considered other factors that can have impact on the spending pattern of the customers (Peslak, Ceccucci and Sendall 2012). The advantages of this particular model are this model helps to understand the changing behaviour of the consumers. At the same time, the Theory of Reasoned Action helps to identify the relationship between the buying behaviour of the consumer with their attitude. However, the limitation of the theory is that the use of the theory is limited to understanding the behaviour of those consumers, who have volitional control (LaCaille 2013). At the same time, this model cannot differentiate the social norms and attitudes of the people. Theory of planned behaviour: Icek Ajzen has proposed theory of planned behaviour in the year of 1985 to evaluate various factors that can have impact on the behavioural pattern of the customers. This theory focuses on the evaluation of the normative beliefs, control beliefs and behavioural beliefs of the people and its possible impact on the spending pattern. As per the theory, mentioned beliefs can actually increase the intention level of the customers for spending more for availing a particular products or services (Conner and Sparks 2015). Thus, the theory actually provide an idea about the prime factors that can have impact on influencing people to spend more on the luxurious activities like cafe services. Thus, cafe in Penang will have to focus on the effective utilization of behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs for achieving sustainable growth in the market. It has been assessed that behavioural, normative and control beliefs help customer to develop purchasing intention towards a par ticular product. Furthermore, planned theory can also allow cafe to understand the kind of future demand it will have face for sustaining its position in the market. However, the theory has not provided in-depth analysis regarding the relationship between normative and behavioural beliefs that can also have major impact on the behavioural pattern of the customers. The major advantage of this theory is that the theory gives a complete view of the consumers behaviour. This theory also helps to predict the consumer behaviour at any time. Therefore, with the help of this particular theory, the marketers of any company can easily understand or predict the behaviour of the prospective customers (Ajzen 2015). On the basis of that understanding or prediction, the marketers can take proper decision or strategies to convince the prospective customers. However, this theory believes that the habits of the consumers are rational, which has been criticised by many people. It has been identified that consumers habits are not rational. Moreover, the theory is based on the self-report measures, which can be biased. Moreover, in todays context, this theory needs more demonstration (Kautonen, Gelderen and Fink 2015). Economical model: Sigmund Freud has developed economical model in the year of 1985 to highlight the prime factors that can restrict individuals from spending on particular goods or services. This theory focuses on the evaluation of different logical and structural framework to identify the kind of impact it has on the spending pattern of the people. For instance, it has tried to evaluate the impact of different economic policies in the business level of the organization. It highlights the fact that if taxes increase on the import of coffee, it will directly increase the price level in an appropriate way (Cavalcanti, Oliveira-Castro and Foxall 2013). Now, increase in the price level can certainly create major impact on the spending decisions of the people. Therefore, cafe of Penang will have to reduce the adverse impact of the external factors for influencing people to visit cafe shops in Penang on a regular basis. Thus, the theory can help cafes to understand the effect of any economical reformation s trategy on the spending pattern of the people (K?szegi and Szeidl 2013). However, evaluation of the theory might restrict cafes from taking any aggressive business decisions. The major advantages of this particular model are this model helps to understand the consumer behaviour from the point of view of logical consistent theory, which helps to predict the behaviour of the consumers or prospective consumers. Like the theory of planned behaviour, the marketers can also use this model in order to take proper and realistic strategies for grabbing the attention of the customers (Michaillat and Saez 2014). However, this particular model cannot be used at the time of urgency. Apart from that, the prediction based on this model can be biased (Elms 2013). Sociological model: Nicosia has developed sociological model in the year of 1966 for the effective evaluation of the customers buying behaviour. Sociological model highlights the fact that all the individuals are part of society. As per the model, social believes, values and ethics can have major impact on the behavioural pattern of the people, which might create major impact on the spending pattern as well (Solomon, Russell-Bennett and Previte 2012). The theory has tried to evaluate the extent to which social values and ethics can create influence people for spending money in the luxurious activities like cafe services. It has been assessed that effective development of reputation can influence people to spend more on products of a particular company. Therefore, the theory has suggested cafes to focus on the development of reputation for influencing people to spend more on the cafe services. However, the theory has not focused too much on the internal stimuli that can also have impact on the spending p attern of the customers. The primary advantage of this model is that the model helps in market segmentation. If the marketers use this particular model, then they can logically divide the market in to various segments. This ultimately helps in taking proper marketing strategies based on the social classes of the consumers (Carter 2013). However, the limitation of this model is that the model mainly focuses on the social factors. The other factors like, personality, attitude and choices of the consumers are not considered by this theory (Foxall 2014). Conceptual framework: Social status: Social status focuses on the development of image within a society that depends heavily on the financial position of the people (Wind, Thomas and Sheth 2014). For instance, people from higher financial group always look to avail services from the theme cafes for maintaining their social image on the community. On the other hand, people belongs to relatively low financial group will try to avail services from the cheap cafes (Malik et al. 2013). Lifestyle: Lifestyle pattern of the people also plays a major in developing behavioural pattern of the people. For instance, lifestyle of young generation has influenced cafes to develop smoking zones and gaming spot on the cafe. It has been assessed that cafes with smoking and gaming facilities able to influence customers to spend more for long period of time (Solomon, Russell-Bennett and Previte 2012). Therefore, it is expected that lifestyle of the young generation will focus on identifying the best available services in the cafe market so that they can able to spent more in an appropriate manner (Azuwa and Ali 2015). Psychological: Psychological factor also play a major role in developing spending pattern of the customers. For instance, if a particular customer has emotional attachment towards a particular cafe shop, the person will visit that particular cafe shop on a regular basis. Furthermore, emotional attachment also has influenced customers to develop strong positive beliefs towards a cafe services (Schiffman et al. 2013). Furthermore, stress and perception can also influence spending pattern of the people in luxurious services like availing facilities of a cafe shop (Lysonski and Durvasula 2013). Economic situation: Penang has huge amount of competition in the cafe market, as different cafe shops has been established in recent time (East, Wright and Vanhuele 2013). For that reason, different cafes have targeted different group of the market for achieving sustainable growth in the market. For instance, theme cafes have kept their prices at higher level for targeted people with higher income group in an appropriate manner (Wind, Thomas and Sheth 2014). Occupation: Lastly, designation, working profile and job location has also played major role in spending pattern of the people (Magin, Huber and Herrmann 2015). For instance, people with higher designation are expected to spend more on the luxurious activities. Conversely, unemployed people are not expected to spend more on the luxurious activities like cafe services (Pornpitakpan and Han 2013). References: Ajzen, I., 2015. The theory of planned behaviour is alive and well, and not ready to retire: a commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau, and Arajo-Soares. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), pp.131-137. Azuwa, S. and Ali, S., 2015. Impact Of Green Marketing Mix, Lifestyle, Social Representation And Trust In Influencing Customer Buying Decision. Carter, M.J., 2013. A Sociological Model of Societal Collapse. Comparative Sociology, 12(2), pp.236-254. Cavalcanti, P.R., Oliveira-Castro, J.M. and Foxall, G.R., 2013. Individual differences in consumer buying patterns: a behavioral economic analysis. The Psychological Record, 63(2), p.259. Conner, M. and Sparks, P., 2015. Theory of planned behaviour and the reasoned action approach. East, R., Wright, M. and Vanhuele, M., 2013. Consumer behaviour: applications in marketing. Sage. Elms, A.C., 2013. Sigmund Freud, psychohistorian. The Annual of Psychoanalysis, V. 31: Psychoanalysis and History, p.65. Foxall, G.R., 2014. Consumer Behaviour (RLE Consumer Behaviour): A Practical Guide (Vol. 3). Routledge. Kautonen, T., Gelderen, M. and Fink, M., 2015. Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), pp.655-674. K?szegi, B. and Szeidl, A., 2013. A model of focusing in economic choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1), pp.53-104. LaCaille, L., 2013. 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International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 6(3), p.335. Reddy, J.J., 2015. Buyer behaviour: a study with reference to select durable products in tirupati and chittoor towns of Chittoor district. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013. Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2012. Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Tidwell, P., 2015. Compensatory Versus Non-Compensatory Choice Strategies in Limited Problem Solving Consumer Behavior: Engel-Kollat-Blackwell Versus Howard Models. InProceedings of the 1996 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 220-224). Springer International Publishing. Wind, Y., Thomas, R.J. and Sheth, J.N., 2014. Organizational buying behavior. SAGE Publications. Wu, X. and Zheng, Y., 2016. Social factors that influence consumers decisions when buying second-hand cars in ChinaBased on EKB model. Xinhui, C. and Han, D., 2016. A meta-analysis of consumer irrational purchase behavior based on Howard-Sheth mode. The Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, p.69.